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Rubber bullets (also called rubber baton rounds) are rubber or rubber-coated projectiles that can be fired from either standard firearms or dedicated riot guns. They are intended to be a non-lethal alternative to metal projectiles. Like other similar projectiles made from plastic, wax, and wood, rubber bullets may be used for short range practice and animal control, but are most commonly associated with use in riot control and to disperse protests.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Meister Bullets, Inc. Purchases 'X-Ring' Primer powered rubber bullet company )〕 These types of projectiles are sometimes called baton rounds.〔Hogg (1985) p.67〕 Rubber projectiles have largely been replaced by other materials as rubber tends to bounce uncontrollably. Such "kinetic impact munitions" are meant to cause pain but not serious injury. They are expected to produce contusions, abrasions, and hematomas. However, they may cause bone fractures, injuries to internal organs, or death. In a study of injuries in 90 patients injured by rubber bullets, one died, 17 suffered permanent disabilities or deformities and 41 required hospital treatment after being fired upon with rubber bullets. Rubber bullets were invented by the British Ministry of Defence for use against rioters in Northern Ireland during The Troubles.〔''New Scientist'' – 3 February 1983. p.292〕 They were first used in 1970 in Northern Ireland.〔(A Chronology of the Conflict - August 1970 ). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).〕 ==Riot control use== (詳細はSingapore in the 1880s.〔 The Hong Kong police developed wooden baton rounds, but they were liable to splinter and cause wounds. The British developed rubber rounds—the "Round, Anti-Riot, 1.5in Baton"—in 1970 for use against rioters in Northern Ireland.〔(The Technology of political control ), Carol Ackroyd, p.210〕〔Hogg (1985) p87〕 A low power propelling charge gave them a muzzle velocity of about and maximum range of about . The intended use is to fire at the ground so that the round bounces up and hits the target on the legs, causing pain but not injury.〔Hogg (1985) p67〕 From 1970 to 1975, about 55,000 rubber bullets were fired by the British Army in Northern Ireland.〔 Often they were fired directly at people from close range, which resulted in three people being killed and many more badly injured.〔 In 1975 they were replaced by plastic bullets. In Northern Ireland over 35 years (1970–2005) about 125,000 rubber and plastic bullets were fired—an average of ten per day—causing 17 deaths. The baton round was made available to British police forces outside Northern Ireland from 2001. In 2013 however, Ministry of Defence papers declassified from 1977 revealed it was aware rubber bullets were more dangerous than was publicly disclosed. The documents contained legal advice for the MoD to seek a settlement over a child who had been blinded in 1972, rather than go to court which would expose problems with the bullets and make it harder to fight future related cases. The papers stated that further tests would reveal serious problems with the bullets, including that they were tested "in a shorter time than was ideal", that they "could be lethal" and that they "could and did cause serious injuries". Israeli rubber bullets are produced in two main types. The older type, the standard rubber bullet, is a steel sphere coated in a thin layer of rubber, weighing 14 grams, while the new improved rubber bullet, introduced in 1989, is a rubber-coated metal cylinder 1.7 cm in diameter, weighing 15.4 grams. Of the lethal injuries from this projectile, most are suffered to the head.〔 Smaller rubber bullets are used in riot shotguns, and are available in a variety of types. One company, for example, makes both rubber buckshot rounds, containing 15 8.3mm diameter rubber balls per cartridge, and rubber baton rounds, containing a single 4.75 gram projectile. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rubber bullet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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